Climate change isn’t just about glaciers melting, trees coming into leaf earlier and alpine flowers heading for higher ground. It also alters the conditions for the incidence of agricultural pests like bacteria, viruses, fungi and insects.
Cultivated plants are already under tremendous pressure from pest organisms, and this pressure can only rise if warming continues as predicted. Take insects for example: already, new species are steadily settling in across Switzerland and Europe, sometimes arriving from other parts of the world as stowaways.
The latest example is the spotted wing drosophila
(Drosophila suzukii)
. In Europe, this fly, which is native of south-eastern Asia, was first found in Spain and Italy in 2008, and was first recorded in Switzerland in 2011. It has now pressed on to southern Sweden and is taking the Balkans by storm, wreaking havoc on berries, cherries and other soft fruit.
Pre-emptive models
To be forearmed against such unpleasant surprises, the National Centre for Climate Services (NCCS) provided funding to examine the future distribution of insect pests. Loïc Pellissier, Professor for Landscape Ecology, and his group are using computer simulations to help put together scenarios for the development and spread of selected potential insect pests and of plants important for agriculture and forestry. The scenarios are intended to provide the basis for planning protective measures for crops and forests.
Using existing climate scenarios, Pellissier’s doctoral student Marc Grünig is currently exploring the potential future distribution of 90 species of insect pests that, though most of them not yet found in Europe, could very well make their way to the continent. His selection is based on a
list
compiled by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Border controls at European airports and harbors already intercept many of these quarantine pests today, showing that there is a real threat of invasion. Grünig is also modelling where 110 crops and 25 types of tree could emerge.
Fruit flies at the Arctic circle?
Although Grünig is just getting started with his doctoral project, he already has data to present, such as on the apple maggot fly
(Rhagoletis pomonella)
. It is currently found in apple-growing regions of North America and Mexico, but hasn’t yet been detected in Europe. Grünig modelled where in Europe this species would find a suitable habitat in the year 2020. The map of the potential distribution shows that southern and central Europe in particular would offer adequate living conditions, whereas northern Europe and the British Isles would be barely habitable at best.
Assuming global warming continues to advance, however, by the year 2060 conditions in northern Europe would also be such that the insect could thrive. More southern climes around the Mediterranean may by then have become too hot and dry for the apple maggot fly, with climate conditions there also no longer suitable for the insect’s host, the apple tree.
